They often made matches with slaves on neighboring farms and spent as much time as possible together, even if one owner or the other could not be persuaded to arrange for husband and wife to live on the same place. Slave labor produced cotton (and sugar on the lower Brazos River) for profit and also cultivated the foodstuffs necessary for self-sufficiency. Slavery expanded rapidly during the period of the republic. WebLists of Slave owners with names of slaves 781-----Edward, 660 Michael, 735 Adam, Andrew George, 425, 498, 533, 621 Guy, 498 Jack, 729 Lucy, 729 Peter, 533 Sam, 621 All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. FS Library 976.4 D3sl, Garrett-Nelson, LaBrenda. Farmers. [50], Slavery was officially abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment which took effect on December 18, 1865. Although no major rebellions occurred, individual acts of violence against owners were carried out. Although Estevanico was still enslaved, after these events the Spaniards treated him more as an equal. East Texas Research Center. Levin R. Marshall, Concordia (2), Louisiana: 248 slaves. Section 107 related to Copyright and Fair Use for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. One way or another they had to endure. Planters had hundreds of enslaved people arrested and questioned forcefully. [11] Under Austin's development scheme, each settler was allowed to purchase an additional 50 acres (20ha) of land for each enslaved person he brought to the territory. Slavery thus linked Texas inextricably with the Old South. John Butler of McIntosh, Georgia: 505 slaves. Many of the fires had coincided with a summer drought, and new matches were susceptible to spontaneous combustion. The average price of a slave, regardless of age, sex, or condition, rose from approximately $400 in 1850 to nearly $800 by 1860. Sean M. Kelley, Los Brazos de Dios: A Plantation Society in the Texas Borderlands, 1821- 1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010). This company was created to assist African American soldiers of the Civil War and freed slaves. An excellent source is the Freedmans Savings and Trust Company (visit the African American Freedman's Savings and Trust Company Records page to learn more). House servants and craftsmen worked long hours, too, but their labor was not so burdensome physically. Some felt well-treated by their owners and generally behaved as loyal servants. The white primary was another way to exclude African Americans from making electoral decisions, and it was not overturned by the Supreme Court until 1944 in Smith v. Allwright. The central part of the state was dominated by subsistence farmers. Few battles took place in Texas, which acted as a supply state to the Confederacy. Alfred V. Davis, Concordia, Louisiana: 500+ slaves. 5 Resources. 13, No. [26], The abolition of slavery created tensions between the Mexican government and slave-holding settlers from the United States. [16] That year, the American Stephen F. Austin was granted permission by Mexican authorities to bring Anglo settlers into Texas. 1 Introduction. Slavery had been theoretically abolished by President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation which proclaimed, in 1863, that only those enslaved in territories that were in rebellion from the United States were free. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. [11] To encourage citizens to report unlawful activity, most southern states allowed anyone who informed on a slave trader to receive half of what the imported enslaved people would earn at auction. The issue of slavery became a source of contention between the Anglo-American settlers and Spanish governors. Instead, slaves exercised a degree of agency in their lives by maximizing the time available within the system to maintain physical, psychological and spiritual strength. Every dollar helps. On June 25, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act as unconstitutional,[55] a ruling which was shortly followed the implementation of Voter i.d. DAR# A105070 1. The first non-Native slave in Texas was Estevanico, a Moor from North Africa who had been captured and enslaved by the Spanish when he was a child. After statehood, in antebellum Texas, slavery grew even more rapidly. [1] Estevanico accompanied his enslaver Captain Andrs Dorantes de Carranza on the Narvez expedition, which landed at present-day Tampa. Slaveowners may not free their enslaved servants without Congressional approval unless the freed people leave Texas. Levi Anderson 1 13. 553 0 obj
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Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528-1995 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996, 2nd Edition). Many worked in other parts of the state as cowboys herding cattle or migrated for better opportunities in the Midwest, California, or southward to Mexico. However, the north central region held much excellent cotton land, and slavery would probably have developed rapidly there once rail transportation was built. P.O. Slave clothing was made of cheap, coarse materials; shoes were stiff and rarely fitted. WebAnd for greater certainty I here give the names of the slaves mentioned and intended to pass to said children by this my 5th bequeath to the best of my resolution, to wit, 1 Scott 2 Slaves adjusted their behavior to the conditions of servitude in a variety of ways. Slaveholders in those areas often moved their enslaved to Texas to avoid having them freed. A Special Interest Group (SIG) of the Dallas Genealogical Society Texas was a colonial territory, then part of Mexico, later Republic in 1836, and U.S. state in 1845. [11] By 1825, however, a census of Austin's Colony showed 1,347 Anglo-Americans and 443people of African descent, including a small number of free blacks. [38] Unlike most southern states, Texas did not explicitly ban education of enslaved people, but most slaveholders did not allow the practice. Later he was given leadership of a Spanish expedition. Marie Therese Metoyer.
History of slavery in Texas - Wikipedia Arkansas Plantations and Slave Names A service of the Moody College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin, After The Debates, Beto ORourkes Fundraising Slumped, While Julin Castros Jumped, Billionaire Ross Perot Remembered As Patriot, Family Man, Experts Say The Current Plastic Industry Boom Will Be A Bust In Five Years, News Roundup: New Initiative Aims To Register More Texans With Disabilities To Vote, San Antonio Migrant Resource Center Has Helped 30,000 Since March. In rural areas, counties often set up patrols to enforce restrictions on enslaved people traveling without passes from planter owners. The men sold enslaved people to James Bowie and others, who brought them directly to a customhouse and informed on themselves. [13], The United States outlawed the importation of enslaved people in 1808, but domestic trade flourished, especially in New Orleans during the antebellum decades. University of Texas (San Antonio). Slave owners and male Most worked as house servants or on farms on the edges of towns, but others served as cooks and waiters in hotels, as teamsters or boatmen, or as coachmen and skilled artisans, such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and barbers. Advocates are pushing for legislation to help them. [3] American Indians captured and enslaved the party, putting them to work as laborers. Slavery was a complex institution that varied according to time and place. This page has been viewed 87,667 times (5,509 via redirect). WebWhat percentage of Texas families owned slaves? The emancipated slaves celebrated joyously (if Whites allowed it), but then they had to find out just what freedom meant. Most field hands received two sets of clothing twice each year, with a hat and coat for winter. [19] In 1832, the state passed legislation prohibiting worker contracts from lasting more than tenyears. I look at this and many of these opportunities as a place to teach and educate our country on our history because this is a part of our history that weve often sort of tucked under the rug or didnt give the details of that history, Berry says. In Texas, like other southern states, the treatment of slaves varied from plantation to plantation, from master to master. One of the resolutions challenged Bradburn for "advising and procuring servants to quit the service of their masters, and offering them protection; causing them to labor for his benefits, and refusing to compensate them for the same. American slave owners or slaveholders were owners of slaves in the United States which typically worked either as agriculture laborers or house servants.
Sources Taken from Szucs, Loretto Dennis, "Research in Census Records." Madison (1), 236 slaves. Brazoria County, for example, was 72 percent slave in 1860, while north central Texas, the area from Hunt County west to Jack and Palo Pinto counties and south to McLennan County, had fewer slaves than any other settled part of the state, except for Hispanic areas such as Cameron County. Included are land grant requests, wills, and testaments, letters of freedom and contracts of the sale of slaves. Slave houses were usually small log cabins with fireplaces for cooking. 0
Samuel Edney 1 Legally slaves were categorized as chattel (moveable property), but they were men, women and children who clearly despised their condition of servitude. [33], Although most enslaved people lived in rural areas, more than 1000 resided in both Galveston and Houston by 1860, with several hundred in other large towns. Dirt floors were common, and beds attached to the walls were the only standard furnishings. Box 12446 2 Online Resources. Texas, Special Voter Registration, 1867-1869. WebAfrican American Resources for Texas. [30] As planters increased cotton production, they rapidly increased the purchase and transport of enslaved workers. In 1836 Texas had approximately 5,000 enslaved persons in a total population estimated at 38,470. Slavery in Waco. I think [the conversation] happens in a number of spaces, Berry says. , and his wife Amy, are descendants of slave owners. Most of the early slaveholders owned only a few enslaved people, but a few brought enough to build plantations immediately. [10], When the United States purchased Louisiana in 1803, Spain declared that any enslaved person who crossed the Sabine River into Texas would be automatically freed. [46], Unlike in other Southern states, only a small number of enslaved Texans, estimated at 47, joined the Union Army. Moreover, once the revolution came, slavery was very much on the minds of those involved. As in other southern states, however, the enslaved people made Christianity their own and they developed strong religious faith. Sizable numbers, however, came through the domestic slave trade. Freedmen Towns [52] By the late 19th century, Texas passed other Jim Crow laws. accessed March 05, 2023, This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 11:16. WebIn 1845, there were about 30,000 enslaved people in Texas. Thomas Love 7 4. There were a few slaves in Texas while it was a Spanish province, but slavery did not really become an institution of significance in the region until the arrival of AngloAmerican settlers. (F. Lewis/Archive Photos via Getty Images) W hen Americans think of the slave trade, they usually imagine ships pulling into East Coast harbors not Texan ones. John Marshall (17551835), 4th The motivation for bringing slaves to Texas was primarily economic using their labor to grow cotton, which was by 1820 the most valuable commodity in the Atlantic world. Randolph B. A relatively few slaves, perhaps as many as 2,000 between 1835 and 1865, came through the illegal African trade. Anderson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Austin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Bastrop County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Bell County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Bexar County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Bosque County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Brazos County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Burleson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Caldwell County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 12, 2), Cass County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Chambers County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Cherokee County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Collin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Cooke County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Dallas County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), DeWitt County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Ellis County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Falls County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Fannin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Fayette County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Fort Bend County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Freestone County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Galveston County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Gonzales County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Grayson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Guadalupe County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 1), Harris County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 4, 0), Harrison County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 6, 1), Hays County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Hill County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Hopkins County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Houston County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Johnson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Kaufman County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Lavaca County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Leon County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Madison County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Marion County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Matagorda County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), McLennan County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Milam County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Montgomery County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 5, 0), Nacogdoches County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Navarro County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Nueces County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Panola County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 12, 2), Polk County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Red River County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 4, 0), Rusk County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Sabine County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), San Augustine County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Shelby County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 9, 3), Smith County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Tarrant County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Titus County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Travis County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Tyler County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Upshur County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Walker County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Washington County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Wharton County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0). [45][i][ii][iii], Texas seceded from the United States in 1861 and joined the Confederate States of America on the eve of the American Civil War. This page was last modified 06:24, 6 May 2021. Several enslaved people ran away to serve with Mexican forces.
About Slave Owners in Texas - Synonym WebThe 1783 census for all of Texas listed a total of 36 enslaved people. 3536 Grand Avenue WebThe 1860 slave schedule was used in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory and Virginia. Many slave families, however, were disrupted. The Gregory School Historical collections at The Gregory School include: Access to Houston Public Library databases and indexes Books Pamphlets Periodicals Photographs Oral history recordings Manuscripts Newspapers and clippings Personal family archives and Ephemera documenting Houstons African American History and culture. In 1865, 95% of the enslaved were illiterate.[39]. WebList of the largest American slave owners The list below is compiled from the 1860 United States Slave Census Schedule. Over 30 of the fugitives made it safely to freedom in Mexico. Texans worried constantly that the Mexicans were going to free their slaves or at least cause servile insurrection. The evidence is strong, however, that in Texas slaves were generally profitable as a business investment for individual slaveholders. The slave population of Texas from 1850 to 1860 increased from 58,161 to 182,566, bringing the slave population from 27 percent to 30 percent of the state total. [24], Exportation in the slave-owning areas of the state surpassed that of the non-slave-owning areas. Most slaves, however, were neither loyal servants nor rebels. Section 9 of Constitution of the Republic of Texas read in part as follows: All persons of color who were slaves for life previous to their emigration to Texas, and who are now held in bondage, shall remain in the like state of servitude Congress shall pass no laws to prohibit emigrants from bringing their slaves into the republic with them, and holding them by the same tenure by which such slaves were held in the United States; nor shall congress have the power to emancipate slaves; nor shall any slave holder be allowed to emancipate his or her slave without the consent of congress, unless he or she shall send his or her slave or slaves without the limits of the republic. The material conditions of slave life in Texas could probably best be described as subsistence, in that most slaves had the food, shelter, and clothing necessary to live and work effectively.
TSHA | Slavery - Handbook of Texas Lists of Slave owners with names of slaves 781 Sugar. D. F. Kenner, Ascension, Louisiana: 473 slaves. WebUnited States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850 Name index and images of slave schedules listing slave owners and only age, gender and color data of the slaves in cesus states or The first census in Austin's colony in 1825 showed 443 slaves in a total population of 1,800. MP for Horsham in 1808 and Sandwich (18121824). There was an auction block next to the Menger Hotel and near the Alamo. Disputes over slavery did not constitute an immediate cause of the Texas Revolution, but the institution was always in the background as what the noted Texas historian Eugene C. Barker called a "dull, organic ache." FS Library976.4F2bjm 1970 But his response to me opens up a door for families generations of descendants of slaveholders and descendants of slave people to have open dialogue of this institution.. If I can figure out where an earlier County Coordinator found this I will properly reference it. 7 rolls, National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, New England Historic Genealogical Society, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library at Colonial Williamsburg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Libraries, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Clayton Library Center for Genealogical Research, Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center, Natchitoches Genealogical and Historical Association, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_American_Resources_for_Texas&oldid=5253354. WebThe slaves who remained on properties in South Carolina are counted on the South Carolina reports. Almost certainly, however, many came to believe that they would be free if the South lost. Profiles are placed in this category with this text [[Category:Texas, Slave Owners]] .