Dig for gemstones in the Historic mines in Maine. Is there any lost treasure in Pennsylvania? You will likely need to bust up some fresh rock to find anything as this site has been heavily picked over by fellow rockhounds. Mineral composition can tell you a lot about whether a potential host rock contains diamonds or not, including garnet, olivine, and ilmenite. Plenty of mines across Pennsylvania are no longer active, and thus collectors may explore some of them. Der aldrig to dage, der er ens, og vi regner med dig - ligesom at du altid kan regne med os. In general, never give up on gold; rather, avoid it, and youll only end up scattering it and denying yourself any valuable metals. Some of the minerals you can find in Pennsylvania include pyrite, calcite, gold, eastonite, kyanite, rutile, azurite, or pyromorphite, among many others. Og det her kan sagtens vre dit frste job, vi lrer dig hvordan du yder frsteklasses service. Sherrer Quarry has produced some samples, as has C.K. You can scour the rocks for the gems' shiny opalescence between April and mid-October. What is the stone that is native to Pennsylvania? The best way to search for your own is to find streams feeding Darby Creek and sift through the mud and soil carried by the streams. You can find it in Ridley Township, at Prospect Park, near Morton Homestead in southeastern Pennsylvania. They are often found in loose soil, so searching in or near farm land is probably your best bet. Frick Art and Historical Center, Pittsburgh. This activity is sure to engage and educate kids of all ages! These include amethyst, garnet, jasper, peridot, and quartz. Floyd & Helga Oles, Eastern Gem Trails (1967). Pennsylvania is a great state for mineral hunting. These include marvellous specimens such as garnets, including andradite, spessartine, and almandine types, kyanite, eastonite, amethyst, or other various types of crystals. Plenty of these regions offer various things that one can collect, and some of them require you to have a permit, which can be easily obtained. But how do you know what type of rock is in front of you? zircon, ilmenite, chromite, garnet, chromian diopside, and olivine, on the other hand, are all persistent minerals in streams. It has all the character of the era, complete with a saloon and mining tents, and staff dressed up in period costumes. Diamonds mined from mines are commonly used to create jewelry that women will wear. These include marvellous specimens such as garnets, including andradite, spessartine, and almandine types, kyanite, eastonite, amethyst, or other various types of crystals. There are some of the most beautiful and rare gemstones in the country here, and youll be able to find whatever you want. Small Bag- $5.75. Iris 1956 is a modern jewelry brand founded in 2017 by designer, Hold the diamond tester in your right hand, with your index finger touching the, Length Placement 22 inches A few inches below the collarbone; medallion can be added. Recreational Mining and Prospecting Tours, Wide Open Spaces, small groups. Derived from the mantle and rarely from meteorites. Its just $7 for adults and $4 for children, and for that youre provided with a seat cushion and a screen box. Sapphires can be found in a variety of colors, but blue is the most common. If you plan on selling or trading your finds then you will need to go through the process of obtaining a mining permit. Not only can you find Eastonite in Pennsylvania, but its one of the only places in the world you can find it! Frequent question: How low does a 24 inch necklace hang? Jim Adams, a chapter member from Pitcairn, Pa., wades into a shallow spot in the river, bucket and pan in hand. The Echo is close to another excellent rock collecting destination, McAdoo. Roadcuts, such as the Rossville Copper in Warrington Township, may contain malachite, azurite, and all sorts of other minerals and crystals, while on places such as Mud Grubb Lake, you can find quartz and even geodes. The only public diamond mine in North America is located at Craters of Diamonds State Park. A box containing 12 samples of Pennsylvania rocks and spaces for six more of your own rocks is $15.00. Pyrite is the primary source of lead, and lead is a chlorophosphate mineral. Finally, there is the Philadelphia area, which has a . What Gemstones Can be Found in Pennsylvania? Copper, gold, and silver are the three most common minerals found in Pennsylvania. In Western Pennsylvania I would recommend checking out the Appalachian Rock Shop & Jewelry Emporium in Butler County, as well as Geology Rocks! It is compensated for referring traffic and business to these companies. If you pan for any minerals in streams or creeks you may be lucky enough to find some trace amounts of these metals. This mine, situated in northern Nevada in the Virgin Valley, is the place to come for opals. You can pack your bag and hit the road for a good rock hunt, which is exactly what you need to clear your mind. . This small sea creature can be found throughout the state. View Details Visit Website. This rock is very similar to the rock from which diamonds are mined in Kimberly, South Africa. Masontown Kimberlite diamonds are available in Greene and Fayette counties. McAdoo is a woodland area in Pennsylvania, and its one of the best places for you to start your journey with rockhounding. There are several quartz mines accessible to the public, including the Crystal Cave Mine and the Brookdale Mine in McAdoo. The most common type is the sapphire, which is a blue variety of the mineral corundum. Media, Upper Providence Township, Delaware Co., Pennsylvania, USA. Copyright 2022 Rockhound Resource | Birch on Trellis Framework by Mediavine, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, this article I wrote detailing the legalities of rockhounding on every type of public land. Thorite can be found in a variety of colors, including yellow, brown, and black. When you search for diamonds and gold, you learn about the geology of the area and how the rocks and gems came about, and you discover how to appreciate the beauty hidden just underneath your feet. Trilobites are an extinct category of joint-legged animals (Arthropods) related to crabs, lobsters, shrimps, spiders, and insects. Gold is most often found in York and Lancaster counties. They are especially prevalent in the Paleozoic rocks in central Pennsylvania. Gem Mountain is off the beaten track, but promises great rewards (like sapphires) if you make the effort to get there. However, the most likely place to find diamonds in Pennsylvania is in the Susquehanna River. 3. If youre closert to Philadelphie I would recommend stopping by Beys Rock Shop or Rockys Crystals & Minerals. The Susquehanna River is a large river that runs through central Pennsylvania. Spencer Beck is the owner and creator of Beadworks, a website dedicated to providing information, tips, and tutorials on all things related to beads and gemstones. Ringing Rocks Park is home to a plethora of boulders that produce music when struck with a hammer. Scallochlore, also known as seraphinite, is a dark green to grey color. The Wheatley Mines in the town of Phoenixville possess pyromorphite invariants such as bright green or greyish. When it comes to gemstones, the state of Pennsylvania hasnt yet official designated a state gemstone of its own. $19.73. Quarry is located along Rt. Customers love finding amazonite, topaz and garnets especially. Courteous guides will lead you 125 feet underground while dislaying and explaining all that nature has created. Near Emigsville, at the Codorus Stone, and Supply Company Quarry, calcite has also been found. . It is not actually gold, but is instead a type of iron sulfide. Staff will also help you spot the stones that are worth further cleaning and treating. One of the best places to start your search is at the Venango Museum of Natural History, where you can learn about the areas geology and look for fossils and other minerals. Diamonds are found in addition to topaz, chrysoberyl, sapphire, ruby, and emerald in a mixed-type setting. If you go rooting around in creek beds you are likely to score some great finds. You can also find fossils in this area. For instance, at the Crater of Diamonds State Park, 12-year-old Michael Dettlaff recently found a 5 carat diamond, which with an estimated value of $15,000 was far better than any of the souvenirs in the visitor center. Williams quarry on College Hill. Complete Cost Breakdown. Typically pale green in color, this mineral was named after the town near which it was discovered. Find frequently asked questions in the section below: There are around twenty or more rock hunting clubs in Pennsylvania that meet regularly and are specialized in specific regions and specimens. Tiffany Stone. It is a museum dedicated to the story of the Johnstown Flood, which has rarely been told in Pennsylvania history. Rivers are one of the most common places to find diamonds. I have actually talked about - Continue -, Get our official eBook & start earning extra money today! The best place to look for gems in Pennsylvania is in the city of Pittsburgh. May 11, 2022 davidson homes floor plans mobility aids for fatigue davidson homes floor plans mobility aids for fatigue There are a few small streams in Pennsylvania where you might be able to find some diamonds. Metals such as pyrope, chromite, and magnesium-rich ilmenite (i.e., picroilmenite), as well as Cr-diopside and Mg-olivine (i.e., forsterite), are the most important indicators of. One place is called the Raystown Lake Area, and it is known for its quartz crystals. A$50.00 non-refundable deposit is required for all group reservations. Old York Road was expanded . Best answer: Can you take a shower with a silver necklace? Taxes On Cartier Jewelry: How Much Can You Expect To Pay? Coming in various colors such as white, dark green, light green, brown, yellowish-green or greenish-white, orange or grey, pyromorphite also comes in different shapes, such as barrel or hexagonal. You may view the exhibits, visit the gift shop, or mine you own gem stones. But if you know where to look, youll be surprised what other valuable gems you can discover for yourself. Reputed to be as much as 500 million years old, they are hexagonal with points on each end. The Crystal Point Diamond Mine in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, is one of the countrys most productive diamond mines. Participate in ResearchGate and ask questions, get feedback, and advance your research. Diamonds form in the Earths mantle under extremely high atmospheric pressure (54,000 times atmospheric pressure) and at very high temperatures (400F). You can find here specimens of geodes, rutile, pyromorphite, azurite, garnet . Photo by Robert Nunnally. When we were walking about, look what we found on the ground! Check out the best GPS for rockhounding in the article below:Best GPS For Rockhounding: 3 Best GPSes of the Year 2021. There are numerous quartz mines in the area, including the Brookdale Mine and Crystal Cave, both of which are accessible to the general public. Gold often is found imbedded in quartz. Trundle Manor, one of Pennsylvanias more unusual tourist attractions, is a must-visit place for those seeking strangeness and adventure. Pennsylvania has a significant amount of placer gold left behind from glacial drift thousands of years ago. After the Civil War, gold was mined for a . You can check out findings from the mine at sluiceways or do your own prospecting, digging, and hunting for a small fee. Explore The Prices Of Tiffany & Co Necklaces In Malaysia, Secrets To Keeping Your Cartier Watch Looking Like New: Tips To Prevent Scratches, Exploring The History Of Cartier: How An Iconic Brand Became A Multi-Billion Dollar Business, Uncovering The Unknown: The English Pirate Cartier Of The 18th Century. While out hunting for gemstones you may be lucky enough to run across fossils - most notably the trilobites which have the distinction of . It is best to start your search in the towns of Hanover and Lebanon, as well as the surrounding area. Obsidian is always a joy to find; however, Pennsylvania isnt very known for its volcanic activity, and as such, it is rare. There is a limestone belt in the central region of York County where calcite can be found. Search for eastonite near the Sherrer Quarry or at the C.K Williams Quarry on College Hill. With a little patience and some luck, you should be able to find a variety of different gemstones in Venango County. 619 East Passyunk Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19147, Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Introducing Opal 12e61c: The Latest In Advanced Composite Materials Engineering, Discovering The Rarity Of Black Opal: Uncovering The Precious Gemstones Unique Value, Is Opal Porous? Very pretty red to dark red spessartine samples have been found in Boothwyn and Sharpless Quarry, while almadine specimens are commonly found near Constitution and in Deshongs Quarry near Leiperville. If youre looking for something specific, this is a great place to look; contaminates can occasionally contain small minerals. However, the true beauty of Pennsylvania shines in its minerals and crystals. Digging for gemstones at Emerald Hollow mine in Hiddenite NC.https://www.emeraldhollowmine.com/Estwing Paleo Pick - https://amzn.to/3zO6t7bHelp support our t. Did they ever find the gold at Dents Run? The Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD is expected to receive approximately 52 million euros in funding from the federal government and the State of Lower Saxony between 2019 and 2025. With all the coal in the United States, why arent more diamonds found here? Stony Brook Creek found near the town of Bloomsburg will also produce some fine gold as well. Check out the most common types of crystals you can find in geodes in the article below:16 Most Common Types of Crystals You Can Find in Geodes. The almandine garnets are abundant in places such as Deshongs Quarry near Leiperville or Constitution. Source: flickr. Many Attractions. The trouble is that a lot of the best places to scour are on private land, so youll need to be sure to get permission before searching. Eastonite, for example, is quite a rare mineral in the world, and it may be a good candidate. It can also be found at the Brookdale Mine in Phoenixville. Details of the new positive ion microprobe at the Schonland Centre, including its configuration, imaging system, and software, can be found here. In addition to the fact that Lancaster County has yielded a fair share of gold nugget over the years, it has also yielded a fair share of silver. Before you leave, consider visiting some of the more popular geode collecting sites. Beautiful purple-bluish kyanite minerals can be found in Pennsylvania. The lens of a garnet lherzolite from the Altyn Tagh, which is associated with garnet pyroxenite, is located approximately 100 km east of the Jianggelasayi River in Proterozoic gneiss. This rock is very similar to that which diamonds are mined from in Kimberly, South Africa. Calcite crystals have a distinct characteristic that they always break down into rhombic crystals after being broken down into smaller pieces. Minerals, metals, and gemstones are sorted into six categories in Pennsylvania. What gemstones can be found in Pennsylvania? Amethyst hunting, Herkimer Diamond Mining, Ruby, Sapphire, Emerald, Diamonds, you name it! Quarries, outcrops, and gravels in Pennsylvanias southeastern part are ideal for rockhounds, particularly along the states border with Maryland. The first big expense that impacts your finances is tuition. They are spectacular and make a wonderful centerpiece of any mineral collection. In York County, try looking around Dillsburg, Grantham, Wellsville or Rossville; or near Shrewsbury and Winterstown these are all areas where the local streams have produced respectable gold finds. To get you started, here are seven places that you can search for and find diamonds, gold and other gemstones: This is located about 70 miles west of Yosemite, and is a small mining camp established in 1849, during the period of the great gold rush. The Cornwall Mines in Lebanon Country is a good place to start. You can find trilobites, corals, mussels, clams, or other Devonian marine fossils in the Mahantango Formation, the Montour Fossil Pit in Danville, or the Swatara State Park. Many of the samples are reported to have an amazing variety of colors including light blue, light red, white, and yellow. Check out the best Mohs scale test kits in the article below:3 Best Mohs Scale Test Kits: Test Hardness of Your Gemstones. Creek beds, mines, and road cuts, Pennsylvania is a state where rockhounds can fill their dreams by finding a variety of items to collect, and many areas do not prohibit collection. Andradite, can be found at Cornwall Iron Mine as well as Teeter Quarry near Gettysburg. Blue Gemstones Found In Pennsylvania. Spencer has been interested in beads and gemstones since he was a child, and has been crafting jewelry for over 10 years. Groups of children or young . However, as I've ventured into the "Wild and Wonderful" state on weekend excursions over the past 7 years, I've discovered if you search hard enough and look in the right places, you can find some truly amazing gems in West Virginia. Tiffany Stone is a rare purple, blue and white rock, mined in Utah, and used as a gem. Pennsylvania has a rich history, diverse terrain, forests, and mountains. Pleasant, Bart Township, Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania, USA. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a4fc8af4b9676d9d8fdc28a9173ea6b0" );document.getElementById("c9753391d8").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Join Panda Research and earn up to $50 per survey! Keep what you find at most locations. Some of the (alleged) lost treasures in Pennsylvania worth researching are ones like: $30,000 worth of gold coins said to be King George ll's Lost Plunder. The mine is a great introduction for anyone, any age, who wants to find rocks, minerals, and gems and learn to identify them. If you are inspired to search for longer, you can pay for additional buckets. Southeastern Pennsylvania is quite popular when it comes to gold. This rare volcanic rock known as Kimberlite can be found near the village of Gates in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. Diamond mines can be found in a variety of locations throughout Pennsylvania, including Valley Quarry Gettysburg, Constitution, Rossville Road Cut, Meckleys Quarry, Prospect Park, York County, Lancaster County, McAdoo, the Historic Crystal Cave, Mahantango Formation, the Southeastern Public Land region Pennsylvania is an excellent place to look if you are interested in precious metals. Not many finds rank with Michaels, but there are several places around the United States where you can search for valuable rocks and diamonds, and you get to keep what you find! You can find the entirety of diamand deposits in both Chessboard articles. All rights reserved. Gold can also be found in York County, in the streams of Dillsburg, Rossville, Wellsville, Grantham, or in the Delta area. Gold Prospecting Adventures Jamestown, California, 2. A wide range of prehistoric marine animals, including corals, mussels, clams, and trilobites, can be found. The first rule of thumb is to use a metal detector in an environmentally sensitive manner; if you dont think carefully, you could damage the streambed or taint the water. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); We have, in the past, shown you places where you can still pan for gold. It is expensive, at $180 per person per day to dig in the banks, but you can expect to find many opals. The site is located 0.65 mile north of Rossville on the east side of Old York Road in Warrington Township. The Crater of Diamonds State Park in Arkansas is one of only a few places in the world where visitors can search for diamonds in their original volcanic deposits. Although Pennsylvania shines in its mineral and crystal diversity, when it comes to rocks, it doesnt have any particular type that would be of great interest. garnets are found in three different forms in Pennsylvania. Plan a day of fun with an 18-hole miniature golf course, our Dutch caf & ice cream parlor, and the souvenir and rock & mineral shop. The agency has consistently denied any discoveries. 1. When it comes to calcite, you can find it in places such as York County, at its central limestone belt. In addition to the Brookdale Mine in Phoenixville, Pyroxymorphite can be found there. The Wheatley Mines particularly the Brookdale Mine in Phoenixville, have produced many fantastic specimens. What Gemstones Can be Found in Pennsylvania? In Elk County, Benezette is an unincorporated community. Many of those minerals were only found in trace amounts or in sizes that were hardly suitable for display purposes in a mineral collection. Garnet, chromite, ilmenite, clinopyroxene, olivine, and zircon are all indicators of diamond value as a result of their decreasing importance. Contents. We are talking about precious gemstones like diamonds, sapphires, rubies, garnets, moonstones, emeralds and more. Not able to search for your own minerals? To the east in Lancaster County near the town of Quarryville, check out the Susquehanna River and Peter's Creek. Strikingly blue azurite can be discovered all over eastern Pennsylvania. Herkimer Diamond Mines Herkimer, New York, 3. Where Can I Dig For Gems In Pennsylvania? The staff will be able to explain what to look for, and take you on tours. Binitoite, a rare blue mineral that is Californias state gemstone, can be found in the Benitoite Gem Mine in central California, and you might find it there if you hunt hard enough. Pocopson, Pocopson Township, Chester Co., Pennsylvania, USA. The Epic Park In Pennsylvania Where You Can Take Home 395-Million-Year-Old Fossils, 6 Places You Can Collect Your Own Crystals. , Cherokee Ruby & Sapphire Mine, North Carolina. The state of Pennsylvania shines in its diversity of minerals and crystals. In Pennsylvania, you can find plenty of minerals and crystals, some of which are very rare. The Epic Park In Pennsylvania Where You Can Take Home 395-Million-Year-Old Fossils. The use of such indicator minerals is necessary because of the very low concentration of diamonds found in these rocks. This interest of mine has lasted until today, so I decided to create this website. Beautiful samples of kyanite with distinct purplish-blue coloring have been found at appropriately-named Prospect Park near the Morton Homestead in Ridley township in Southeastern Pennsylvania. The sandstone of Pennsylvania is unique and only found in Northeastern Pennsylvania and the majority of Susquehanna County. Cooper's Gem Mine is a family owned and operated business geared to providing the best family friendly, fun, and educational experience possible! Here is how it works: Purchase a bag of "mining rough" for $16.00. In Pennsylvania, rockhounds should concentrate on quarries, outcrops, and gravel in the southeastern part of the state, particularly along the Maryland state line. Maybe you have seen ads for the Dollar Shave Club and thought about buying - Continue -, Being a college student is expensive. When you click this link and make a purchase without incurring any additional charges, we earn a commission. Smoke Hole Resort. Quarry is open for collecting to groups and clubs by appointment only. To the untrained eye, they might look like real diamonds, which is how the name came about. Arrowhead Crystal Mine offers two dig pits in the Ouachita Mountains range of Mount Ida, Arkansas. There have been many gems discovered on the property over the years. Read More There is no definitive answer, as rocks and minerals can be found all over the world. Many of the mines mentioned in this article are abandoned but they are still owned by private entities or local municipalities. Pyrite makes for an excellent and attractive addition to any mineral collection, and luckily it can be found in a variety of locations throughout Pennsylvania. Like. The color of albite albite varies according to its plagioclase structure. The best time to look for gems in a diamond field is after a rainstorm. Filled with caves, and a rich animal and plant history, Pennsylvania is also known as the Keystone State. Pennsylvania is a great place to hunt for fossils. The town has a family admission, where for $60 two adults and up to three children can pan for gem for an hour; or for $105 you get to pan for three hours. Crystals of quartz can be found in a few locations in Pennsylvania. As a sedimentary rock, limestone is great to search for since you can find other things inside of it, such as fossil fragments. Bags of mining rough can be purchased in Nature Nook. Pennsylvania is still home to a wide variety of minerals and rocks that can be mined for gemstones. Lead sulfide is a natural mineral form of lead sulfide and occurs naturally in lead ore. Som butiksassistent suser du nemlig rundt mellem kolleger og kunder og srger for, at der er orden i butikken. Each 'panner' will receive a card identifying the found gems they mined. When you see the sand at Jade Cove in California, youll find it to be the most difficult place to find. Thats okay! Three types of garnet have been found in Pennsylvania andradite, spessartine, and almandine. But can you tumble calcite? Quartz crystal of all types is commonly found in the state. Another place is the Pocono Mountains, where you can find amethyst, garnet, and other minerals. Convenient to get to, just off I-64. Are there gems in Pennsylvania? The site is one of many across the U.S. where, for a small entry fee, you can hunt for valuable gems to sell. The states rich culture is brought to life by a number of lesser-known attractions. Cite this Article. Best answer: How do you test a diamond with a tester? As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. They are intelligent predators with extremely sharp senses of sight, smell and hearing (a fox can hear a mouse squeal from about 150 feet). Gemstone & Crystal Properties (Quick Study Home), Ultimate Explorer Field Guide: Rocks and Minerals (National Geographic Kids), 16 Most Common Types of Crystals You Can Find in Geodes, 3 Best Mohs Scale Test Kits: Test Hardness of Your Gemstones, Sedimentary vs. Igneous Rocks: Differences & Similarities. Spotting bits of quartz in the water, Adams said it was a likely spot to find gold. Diamonds have been discovered in India for more than 2,500 years. by Spencer Beck | Nov 26, 2022 | Gemstones. Near the village of Gates, Pennsylvania, in Fayette County, is an occurrence of a rare type of volcanic rock called Kimberlite. If you believe that the posting of any material infringes your copyright, be sure to contact us through the contact form and your material will be removed! The best place to look for gems in Pennsylvania is in the city of Pittsburgh. Purchase a bag of "mining rough" for $16.00. Parkesburg is also a great place, and you can also pan for it in the nearby streams. Mining for Gemstones is located in front of Nature Nook. Indian Cavern is open from Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend, and Saturdays and Sundays in April, May, September and October. Nice quartz crystals and clusters, amethyst, agates, jasper, and petrified wood are all relatively easy to find if you're looking in the right area. If you want to find gold in York County, Pennsylvania, you should try panning in the stream near Dillsburg, Roseville, Wellsville, the Delta area, or Grantham. With that being said, here are just a couple of the best locations and what you can find in Pennsylvania. The Rossville road cut (mentioned earlier in the quartz section of this article) is another very accessible place to look for your very own azurite sample. 150 scenic acres. You can also try York Building Supply Quarry, as many great variations of calcite have been uncovered there. There are a few places in Pennsylvania that you can go to dig for gems. Explore Nature on the 150 scenic acres of Crystal Cave where underground wonders, a hiking trail, picnic park, and gemstone panning await you! Can You Tumble Calcite? The olivine group contains faturite, a magnesium-rich mineral. We film our digs and you can find them on our YouTube channel. They are scattered throughout the state; however, lets see exactly where you can find some popular minerals in Pennsylvania. For the most accurate determination of rock hardness, it is advisable to use a Mohs scale test kit. Gem Sapphire Mine, Montana. It is expensive, at $180 per person per day to dig in the banks, but you can expect to find many opals. Though diamond finds are quite rare, there are 40 other rocks and minerals in the area, so you can usually pick up a unique souvenir. Can diamonds be found in Pennsylvania? Although Pennsylvania doesnt have an official state rock, mineral, or gemstone, it does have an official state fossil. The best ones are family-friendly, with low admission fees, equipment rental, and even cabins to rent. I may receive a commission for purchases made through these links at no additional cost to you. Topaz Mountain Adventures offers a hands on mining and prospecting experiences for Utah Topaz, Bixbyite, and other minerals.
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